This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Salvinia minima is a free floating, rootless aquatic fern 14cm 0. Gisd 2018 lists salvinia minima as native to argentina, belize, bolivia, brazil. Salvinia minima experiences exponential growth that allows it to completely cover waterways impeding traffic, blocking sunlight, decreasing oxygen levels and degrading habitat for native species of wildlife. Increased metal accumulation by salvinia species under increasing ph could be explained by changes of the protonation status of cell wall functional groups because both the highest and the lowest ph values used in the present study were outside of the levels at which criii species start to precipitate. Minima water fern salvinia minima the free freshwater and. The product is not giant duckweed but salvinia minima. Salvinia molesta ufifas center for aquatic and invasive. Salvinia control manual department of primary industries. Salvinia molesta ufifas center for aquatic and invasive plants. Salvinia minima is a floating aquatic fern that invades a variety of aquatic habitats with salinity levels as high as 1.
In an effort to establish populations for classical biological control of this weed, the weevil, cyrtobagous salviniae calder and sands, was released at multiple sites across louisiana. Mitchell is one of four species that are members of the salvinia auriculata complex mitchelll and thomas, 1972. It has been introduced into the south of the us, where it is considered an invasive aquatic weed. Biological control of common salvinia salvinia minima in.
Salvinia the only genus of the family salviniaceaea family of aquatic heterosporous ferns. The names salvinia auriculata aublet and salvinia natans linnaeus allioni and salvinia rotundifolia willdenow are synonymous and have often been misapplied to salvinia minima, 2009. Click on an acronym to view each weed list, or click here for a composite list of weeds of the u. Giant salvinia may be distinguished from its smaller relative, common salvinia salvinia minima another highly invasive species, by its leaf hairs.
Effect of ph on criii accumulation, biomass production, and. Common salvinia can reproduce by spores or by fragmentation and is an aggressive invasive species. Results and discussion plants of salvinia minimabaker. Download a recognition card pdf from invasive and nonnative plants you should know 1.
Giant salvinia, salvinia molesta, is an invasive aquatic weed from south america with the potential to do serious harm to u. The genus salvinia has 12 species most of which are found to be distributed in the african continent. Salvinia salvinia molesta weed management guide pdf 431 kbabout the guide. Howard morgan 2018 list salvinia minima as present in the wild in. Common salvinia salvinia minima is native to south american. Salvinia minima is native to south america, mesoamerica, and the west indies and was introduced to the united states in the 1920s1930s. The atlas of florida plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. This insect is an effective classical biological control agent used in several countries to control the.
Lake moondarra, queensland, australia, covered with salvinia before biocontrol above and 14 months after use of biocontrol below peter room peter room. In 1994, salvinia was reported to be present in 247 water bodies in the state out of 451 surveyed public waters, schardt. Salvinia is a weed of national significance because of its invasiveness and its severe environmental economic and social impacts see nsw weedwise for information about salvinia. Greater fluctuations in water depth reduced salvinia minima populations. Pdf common salvinia, salvinia minima baker, is an aquatic invasive fern that obstructs waterways and impacts water quality. During earlier stages of colonization salvinia minima demonstrates exponential growth rates gaudet, 1973, which may be just as high as those of salvinia molesta. Salvinia molesta is a freefloating, matforming aquatic fern native to brazil. Salvinia salvinia minima small fernlike floating pond. Salvinia minima populations were resilient across habitats and over time. We analyzed the effect of ph on cr iii accumulation, biomass production, and phenolic profile of salvinia rotundifolia and salvinia minima plants grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of crcl 3. This insect feeds on the invasive aquatic plants salvinia molesta d. Salvinia minima ufifas center for aquatic and invasive. Minima water fern salvinia minima the free freshwater.
Biological control of common salvinia salvinia minima in louisiana using cyrtobagous salviniae coleoptera. In august 1999, giant salvinia salvinia molesta mitchell was found along the lower colorado river in irrigation drain ages. This floating fern, like other salvinia species, forms floating mats on the surface of different, mostly stagnant waters. There are ten species of salvinia in the world and the water fern, salvinia minima, is the species that occurs in florida. The spongy, velvety leaves are pale green and approximately 14 inch in diameter. It is usually referred to as common salvinia or water spangles. Salvinia molesta is a highly invasive, freefloating aquatic fern that can double its size in less than a week. Underwater the leaves are modified into small rootlike structures. Salvinia salvinia minima small fernlike floating pond plant. South america background giant salvinia, also known as water fern or karibaweed, was introduced as an ornamental aquatic plant and is spread to new water bodies on boats and fishing gear, by dumping of aquaria, and by other unintentional means. A group of four closelyrelated species within the salviniaceae is often referred to as the salvinia auriculata complex, or giant salvinia. Populations of the floating macrophyte, salvinia minima baker, were assessed over a 39month period at four sites in southern florida in order to elucidate the abiotic and biotic factors that influenced their density.
Salvinia molesta prefers tropical, subtropical or warm temperate areas of the world and grows best in still or slowmoving water bodies including ditches, ponds, lakes, slow rivers and canals. Giant salvinia control project in louisiana louisiana fisheries. Salvinia minima is a floating aquatic fern that invades a variety of aquatic habitats with salinity levels as high as. Grays manual of botany a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of. In the case of giant salvinia each of the tiny hairs on the leaf surface split four ways and then come back together at the tip to form an eggbeater shape. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. The leaves are closely arranged on the rhizome in whorls of three. Salvinia article about salvinia by the free dictionary. This tiny floating pond plant is great for container water gardens. Recent sources include both azolla and salvinia in salviniaceae, although each genus was formerly given its own family. Salvinia minima common salvinia flowgrow aquatic plant. Salvina weevils feed on salvina and may be effective for its management.
Common salvinia leaves are typically about half the size of giant salvinia leaves figures 3 and 4. It occurs in still water areas with a high organicmatter content. It has horizontal branching rhizomes that float just below the water surface and produce, at each node, two floating leaves fronds, and a third, submersed leaf that is dissected into filaments. A rapidly growing competitive plant, it is dispersed long distances within a waterbody via water currents and between waterbodies via animals and contaminated equipment, boats or vehicles. These factors included the abundance of other plant species, changes in water depth, water quality, and herbivory by insects.
Phytoremediation of cd, ni, pb and zn by salvinia minima. Evidence is presented which suggests that salvinia minima was also introduced to north america, probably during the late 1920s and early 1930s. Common salvinia, salvinia minima baker, is an aquatic invasive fern that. The accidentally introduced salvinia weevil, putatively cyrtobagous salviniae, was found to occur widely on s. Eggs are laid in the folds of leaves, or in the rhizome or buds. Effect of ph on criii accumulation, biomass production.
Summary of invasiveness salvinia minima is a very productive freefloating, nonrooted aquatic fern native to south and central america. Mar 01, 20 common salvinia, salvinia minima baker, is an aquatic invasive fern that obstructs waterways and impacts water quality throughout the southeastern united states. Pdf biological control of common salvinia salvinia minima in. Pdf biological control of common salvinia salvinia. Water spangles or water fern salvinia minima salvinia plants are floating ferns. Its smaller cousin, the common salvinia salvinia minima has been growing unchecked in coastal louisiana since the early 1980s.
Salvinia is related to the other water ferns, including the mosquito fern azolla. Download a recognition card pdf from invasive and nonnative plants you should know1. Common salvinia can be found freefloating or in mud. Due to its buoyancy and matforming abilities, it is spread by moving waters. Salvinia salvinia minima salvinia, sometimes referred to as cats tongue, is a true fern much like azolla. Willdenow have been misapplied to salvinia minima in several sources, and s. It is regarded as one of the worst weeds in australia because of its invasiveness, potential for spread, and economic and environmental impacts. Salvinia minima, the only other member of salviniaceae present in north america, is considered native by current floras. Salvinia molesta is a floating aquatic fern that thrives in slowmoving, nutrientrich, warm, freshwater. Salvinia minima, a fast growing freefloating fern found in tropical and temperate regions, was chosen for the present study based on its ability to tolerate high hexavalent chromium concentrations. Biomass accumulation, metal tolerance index, and photosynthetic pigment contents indicate that salvinia rotundifolia seems to be more tolerant of criii than s. Survey of salvinia salviniaceae in eastern arkansas. At lacassine bayou, southwestern louisiana, plants completely.
Salvinia salvinia molesta weeds of national significance. Common salvinia, salvinia minima, is another closely related species found throughout the southeastern united states madeira et al. Blades of floating leaves almost round to elliptic, obtuse or notched at tip, rounded to cordate at base, abaxially facing upward with stiff hairs, with 4 separated branches i. Giant salvinia grows rapidly and produces a dense floating canopy on the surface of ponds, lakes, and rivers. Ecology of common salvinia, salvinia minima baker, in. Salvinia minima combines several advantages for being used in aquatic phytoremediation. Giantgreater duckweeds scientific name is spirodela polyrrhza. Insect herbivory was an important component in salvinia minima population dynamics. From what i read, salvinia minima is an invasive species from south america. Salvinia, a genus in the family salviniaceae, is a floating fern named in honor of anton maria salvini, a 17thcentury italian scientist.
Your use of this pdf, the bioone complete website, and all posted and. Elasticity of the hair cover in airretaining salvinia surfaces core. The floating leaves of salvinia are more or less round 12 to 34 inch with a distinct midrib along which the leaf may fold. Salvinia minima baker, the only other salvinia species present in the united states also is exotic and can be distinguished by the presence of divided hairs on the abaxial leaf surface that are spreading and free at the tips fig. Salvinia minima was shown to accumulate metals within tissues when cultivated in higher concentrations of selected heavy metals, with maximum removal rates of 0. European and mediterranean plant protection organization. Salvinia minima is a species of aquatic, floating fern that grows on the surface of still waterways. Salvinia molesta was added to the iucn list of 100 of the worlds worse invasive alien species in 20. Likely sites of introduction and subsequent range expansions are identified. Common salvinia, salvinia minima baker, is an aquatic invasive fern that obstructs waterways. For the environmentally conscious person, i would not bring these plants outdoors where animals or the unwitting person could introduce this species.
This shopping feature will continue to load items when the enter key is pressed. Plant management in florida waters download a recognition card pdf from invasive and nonnative plants you should know 1. Common salvinia differs from giant salvinia in size and trichome structure. Salvinia salvinia minima is native to south america. Common salvinia, salvinia minima baker, is an aquatic invasive fern that obstructs waterways and impacts water quality throughout the southeastern united states. Salvinia molesta is a freefloating aquatic fern which exhibits considerable morphological variation in response to. Salvinia minima has a history of being sold in the nursery trade, and is still widely available on the internet in spite of its invasive nature forno et al. Salvinia is a weed of national significance because of its invasiveness and its severe environmental economic and social impacts see nsw weedwise for information about salvinia the information presented in this manual provides a.
Salvinia, like the other ferns in order salviniales, are heterosporous, producing spores of differing sizes. It is a small freefloating plant that grows in clusters and develops into dense, floating mats or colonies in quiet water, undisturbed by wave action. Giant salvinia is much more damaging than its smaller cousin because of its ability to grow into dense mats that can cover entire water bodies with a thick layer of vegetation. Always read the product label for directions and precautions, as the label is the law. Salvinia minima is a small floating fern originating from the american tropics. It will also adapt well in a larger water garden although they may be consumed by koi. Salvinia minima in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. One species with remarkable airretaining properties is the floating fernsalvinia molesta 3, 8. Salvinia minima ufifas center for aquatic and invasive plants. Salvinia minima is a floating aquatic fern that invades a variety of aquatic habitats with salinity levels as high as 47ppt. In australia, salvinia is an invasive and widespread weed in freshwater systems. Salvinia can be removed by raking or seining it from the ponds surface, but it will reestablish from any remaining fragments.
1048 1375 541 767 720 1615 89 786 1164 360 396 826 896 259 976 304 731 424 225 1520 1638 1407 253 541 873 890 573 833 711 1127 1110